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A standard can of chewing tobacco weighs around 34 grams, but some brands stretch up to 50 grams
Studies have repeatedly shown that smokers face higher odds of developing GERD because tobacco use increases gastric acid production, impairs lower esophageal sphincter function, and reduces the esophaguss ability to clear acid effectively
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Animal models have demonstrated that nicotine can increase renal injury through various mechanisms, such as raising blood pressure, decreasing GFR, and increasing the effective renal plasma load 26
R.) 154162 (JosseyBass, New York, 2001)
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